语法基础知识学习，包括几个步骤：

1. 概念：了解阶段

2. 分类：加深理解

3. 联系：建立知识网络

4. 类推：灵活运用规则、技能熟练

5. 反思：错误的矫正、认知提升

以动词为例：

【动词知识核心】

（一）分类：谓语动词和非谓语动词

A. 谓语动词命题点：

1、时态变化

明确的时间状语

In recent years, stress (33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.

句中有明确的时间状语——介词词组、副词、名词词组等：In recent years 是典型的完成时时间状语，所以：has been regarded

句子内部的协调

The Hollow Flashlight is made from Peltier tiles（珀耳贴片）that produce energy when one side ___26____（heat）and the other side remains cool.

包含主从句、或并列句，可根据另一个分句的时态推算。句中的that、主句都是现在时，可知为is heated。

句子之外的推理

Our life (39) _____(interrupt). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawal symptom.

句子内部无任何时间提示，根据上下文推算。此处所说事实充满“抱怨”，所以：has been interrupted/is being interrupted/is interrupted

2、语态变化

To business with garbage containers 'polluted' with more than 10 recyclables, warnings(27)_________ (issue). If they fail to take action, fines are expected.

语态的判断，难点在于动词的及物性意义。Issue的及物动词意义“颁布、发布”，这里是are issued。

B. 非谓语动词：

区分重点，（1）在于行为的施受对象（主动还是被动）；（2）行为完成的情况（已经完成、正在进行、或是未来才发生）；（3）不定式和动名词的搭配。

1、现在分词（ing）：主动、进行中

I stood 23_____ (look) at him as she gave a detailed history.

主语I和look是“施”的关系，即主动；look和谓语动词stood是同时进行。故looking。

The flashlight can produce a steady beam of LED light for 20 minutes, ___27___（use）only the warmth of the human hand.

主语flashlight和use是“施” 的关系，即主动；use和谓语动词produce 是同时进行。故using。

2、过去分词（ed）：被动、已完成

Art conservators(管理员) dream of finding (21)_______(hide) secrets in the masterpieces they look after.

Hide是用做secrets的定语，它们之间是“受”的关系——hide“把（某人/物）藏起”。故用过去分词hidden。

(31) _________ (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.

主语I和shock是“受” 的关系，即被动——shock“令（某人）震惊”，故shocked。本身已转化为形容词。

3、不定式和动名词：固定搭配

If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.

Be likely to do：可能会……。故to get。

When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) _____ (ignore) me, he say, "In a minute."

Stop doing：终止、停止做某事。故ignoring。

（二）应用：非谓语动词功能

1、定语：关联名词——即分词所修饰的那个名词

A 前置定语

Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder.

前置定语，两种动词：

一个是描述情感色彩的——ing类都可理解为“令人……的”；ed类都可理解为“感到……的”。此处为exhausted（感到精疲力尽的肩膀）。

另一个是描述行为的动词——ing表示“正在……的”；ed类表示“已经（被）……的”。

B 后置定语

** The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.

分词定语，可转化成定语从句来检验。Equipped=which is equipped。

2、状语：关联动词——即与之相关的另一个动词（一般是谓语动词）

(26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter.

I started work的目的是earn some money。故为目的，to earn。

（23）_______(look) at the painting with the microscope，I came across the tiny body of a grasshopper covered in the paint...

分词相当于时间状语从句，I came across和look是同时发生，故looking。

3、补语：关联宾补动词

As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady (28) ______ (look) in at me. "Hello", she said, hesitantly.

See sb doing。故looking。

Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.

Have difficulty/trouble (in) doing。故adapting。

4、宾语：关联链接动词

Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?

链接动词，即那些固定跟不定式或动名词的动词。例如此处的stop （doing）。故buying

*主语、表语

This invention was the result of a ninth grade science project, but Makosinski's goal was ___24___（offer）a practical solution to people with unlimited access to power and electricity.

这里Makosinski's goal was ___24___（offer）a practical solution是一个主系表结构。故根据goal（目标），是to offer。